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The designated marksman (DM) or squad designated marksman (SDM) is a military marksman role in an infantry squad. The term ''sniper'' was used in Soviet doctrine although the soldiers using the Dragunov SVD were the first to use a specifically designed designated marksman's rifle. The analogous role in the Israeli army is ''sharpshooter''. The DM's role is to supply rapid accurate fire on enemy targets at ranges up to a maximum of with a rifle capable of semi-automatic fire called a designated marksman rifle equipped with a telescopic sight. Like snipers, DMs are trained in quick and precise shooting, but unlike the more specialized "true" sniper, they are an intrinsic part of an infantry fireteam and intended to lay down accurate rapid fire at valuable targets as needed, thus extending the reach of the fireteam. The growth of the DM rifle can be attributed to two main influences; the near-universal adoption of intermediate calibers such as 5.56x45mm and 7.62x39mm for standard service rifles, and the increasing specialization over the last 15 years of Western sniper rifles and their employment of more powerful rounds such as .300 Winchester Magnum and .338 Lapua.〔http://www.snipercentral.com/bolt-action-designated-marksmansniper-rifle-dms-r-conceptual-proposal/ "The US Army’s adoption of the M110 in conjunction with their re-chambering of the existing M24’s to 300 Win Mag shows their desire to evolve with the battlefield and bring more firepower with a semi-auto to the sniper team’s disposal."〕 These two influences have left a gap in the firepower of the rifle platoon that a more accurate optic-equipped service rifle derivative can usefully fulfill, especially in theaters such as Afghanistan where the shortcomings of standard 5.56mm service rifles at ranges over 300m became apparent.〔http://defensetech.org/2010/01/08/brits-getting-into-the-7-62-vs-5-56-debate/〕 == DM / sniper differences == The DM role differs significantly from that of a specially trained sniper. A sniper is a specialist highly trained in fieldcraft, who carries out a range of ISTAR-specific missions independent of others, and more specialized than standard infantry tasks. In contrast, a DM is a soldier who has received additional marksmanship training. Within a fireteam, the DM's role is to provide an additional capability to the infantry platoon, which is the ability to engage targets at greater ranges than the other members of the squad or section. The DM operates as an integral member of the infantry platoon, providing a niche capability contributing to the overall firepower of the platoon in the same way as a grenadier with a rifle-mounted grenade launcher, allowing the team to have a better chance against groups of enemies and armored vehicles; or the automatic rifleman who employs the squad/section machine gun to lay down suppressing fire for area denial to the enemy. The DM weapon provides a capability to the infantry platoon in the shape of increased precision at a greater range than that provided by the standard infantry rifle, by virtue of its sighting system and/or larger caliber. By comparison, the sniper role is much more specialized with very comprehensive selection, training and equipment. Snipers are ordinarily equipped with specialized, purpose-built bolt-action or semi-automatic sniper rifles or anti-materiel rifles; while DMs are often equipped with accurized battle rifles or assault rifles fitted with optical sights and heavy barrels. Snipers are mainly employed for targets at ranges from up to more than . In the UK, US and other Western countries over the last 15 years, sniper rifles chambered for standard military calibers such as 7.62x51mm have been replaced with those that employ larger, more specialized rounds such as .300 Winchester Magnum or .338 Lapua, which give better accuracy at greater ranges than standard military rifle calibers previously used. An example of this is the British Army's replacement of the Accuracy International L96A1 in 7.62x51mm with the similar but larger and more powerful Accuracy International L115A3 rifle chambered in .338 Lapua.〔http://www.army.mod.uk/equipment/23223.aspx〕 DMs are utilized for targets at ranges between approximately using a rifle chambered with standard-issue rifle ammunition, usually either 5.56x45mm or 7.62x51mm. While snipers often take a fixed strategic position and camouflage themselves (e.g. with a Ghillie suit), a DM will tactically move with his unit and is otherwise equipped in the same way as other members of the infantry platoon.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Designated marksman」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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